DINOv3

Standalone install? If this session was not initialized by the TAO skill bank plugin, run the tao-setup skill first.

Use this skill to continue self-supervised training of a DINOv3 backbone on unlabeled images, then convert, export, or run inference with a trained teacher checkpoint.

Quick Start (docker run)

Docker-native launch — no TAO SDK and no Python on the host. Use the local Docker/platform skill instead when it gives a stricter environment-specific command (non-root UID mapping, cache redirects, remote daemons).

TAO_PYT_IMAGE_DEFAULT=nvcr.io/nvidia/tao/tao-toolkit:7.2.0-pyt  # versions-key: images.tao_toolkit.pyt
TAO_PYT_IMAGE="${TAO_PYT_IMAGE:-$TAO_PYT_IMAGE_DEFAULT}"
RUN_ROOT="${RUN_ROOT:-$PWD}"
DOCKER_COMMON=(
  --rm --gpus all --shm-size=8g
  --shm-size=8g
  --ulimit memlock=-1
  --ulimit stack=67108864
  -v "$RUN_ROOT/data:/data:ro"
  -v "$RUN_ROOT/specs:/specs:ro"
  -v "$RUN_ROOT/results:/results"
)

Train:

docker run "${DOCKER_COMMON[@]}" "$TAO_PYT_IMAGE" \
  dinov3 train -e /specs/train.yaml

Inference:

docker run "${DOCKER_COMMON[@]}" "$TAO_PYT_IMAGE" \
  dinov3 inference -e /specs/inference.yaml

Export:

docker run "${DOCKER_COMMON[@]}" "$TAO_PYT_IMAGE" \
  dinov3 export -e /specs/export.yaml

Convert:

docker run "${DOCKER_COMMON[@]}" "$TAO_PYT_IMAGE" \
  dinov3 convert -e /specs/convert.yaml

Every action takes its spec with -e; results_dir is set in the spec or overridden on the command line. Mount any pretrained-weights directory the spec references, and keep every in-container path consistent across actions.

Configuration

Use schemas/<action>.schema.json for supported fields, defaults, ranges, and options. Start from the matching references/spec_template_<action>.yaml.

Training is AutoML-enabled. Read references/skill_info.yaml and resolve an explicit automl_policy or user request before training. Default to automl_policy: on; requests such as "disable AutoML", "no HPO", or "plain training" mean off for that run. When it is on and the train schema and template are packaged, route training through tao-skill-bank:tao-run-automl. Use direct training only when the policy is off or those files are missing, and report the missing-file limitation. Non-train actions remain in this skill.

Treat train_loss as an optimization signal; use downstream evaluation when selecting a checkpoint for deployment.

For method background or tuning ideas, optionally read:

• references/dinov3-method.md
• references/dinov3-recipes.md

Core workflow

1. Obtain a compatible DINOv3 checkpoint in timm or TAO format.
2. Point dataset.train_dataset.images_dir to a directory of unlabeled images.
3. Configure the backbone, training scale, and output location.
4. Run training and evaluate useful teacher checkpoints on data representative of the downstream task.
5. Use the selected teacher checkpoint with convert, export, or inference.

Provide either train.pretrained_model_path for a new run or train.resume_training_checkpoint_path to resume an existing run.

Essential fields

Purpose	Spec field
Training images	dataset.train_dataset.images_dir
Initial weights	train.pretrained_model_path
Resume checkpoint	train.resume_training_checkpoint_path
Backbone	model.backbone.teacher_type, model.backbone.student_type
Training scale	dataset.batch_size, train.num_gpus, train.num_nodes
Output directory	results_dir
Conversion input	convert.checkpoint
Export input	export.checkpoint
Inference inputs	inference.checkpoint, dataset.test_dataset.images_dir

Example train settings:

model:
  backbone:
    teacher_type: vit_b
    student_type: vit_b
    rope_theta: 100.0
dataset:
  train_dataset:
    images_dir: /path/to/unlabeled/images
  batch_size: 16
train:
  pretrained_model_path: /path/to/dinov3/weights
  num_epochs: 10
  num_gpus: 1

Supported image extensions include jpg, jpeg, png, ppm, bmp, pgm, tif, tiff, and webp. Keep evaluation data separate from training data when measuring downstream quality.

Every dataset.*.images_dir value must be an extracted image folder. Managed archive-backed sources use runtime: extracted_folder, which unpacks the source before injecting the directory into the spec. For direct Docker or TAO CLI runs, extract .tar, .tar.gz, .tgz, or .zip inputs before launch.

Checkpoints

File	Use
model_epoch_*_step_*.pth	Resume training, or export its EMA teacher
teacher_epoch_*_step_*.pth	Convert, export, inference, or downstream evaluation
student_epoch_*_step_*.pth	Diagnostics

For export, prefer a selected stripped teacher_epoch_*_step_*.pth. Export also accepts a selected full model_epoch_*_step_*.pth and deterministically selects and logs teacher.backbone. Inference requires a stripped teacher checkpoint. Do not substitute dinov3_model_latest.pth without evaluating that milestone.

Training loss does not directly measure downstream representation quality. When possible, compare candidate teacher checkpoints using metrics relevant to the target task.

For convert, export, and inference, copy the training-time backbone configuration into the action spec, including rope_theta. Stripped checkpoints do not restore the RoPE frequency base, so falling back to the default can change the trained model's behavior.

Key options

• model.backbone.teacher_type and student_type support vit_s, vit_s_plus, vit_b, vit_l, vit_h_plus, and vit_7b.
• When model.distill.enable: false, the teacher and student backbone types must match.
• model.backbone.rope_theta controls the rotary frequency base. It defaults to 100.0 and is tunable; changing it alters positional encoding, so evaluate the resulting checkpoint for the intended task.
• model.centering_method supports sinkhorn and softmax.
• model.gram.* controls optional Gram anchoring.
• model.lora.* enables parameter-efficient continual pre-training. The default targets the attention qkv and proj projections; num_last_blocks: 0 adapts every transformer block.
• model.preservation.* adds CLS-token MSE and cosine losses against the frozen anchor teacher. It is recommended with LoRA when global embedding quality matters.
• train.log_every_n_steps controls step-level loss visibility and defaults to 1, so short smoke runs emit component and preservation losses.
• train.precision defaults to 16-mixed; choose precision based on hardware and measured quality.
• train.use_custom_attention: false uses native attention when custom attention is unavailable.
• Crop and export dimensions need to be divisible by model.backbone.patch_size.

Distributed training

Use train.num_gpus, train.gpu_ids, train.num_nodes, and train.distributed_strategy. Start with auto; use ddp or fsdp when appropriate for the selected backbone, resolution, and available memory.

Common issues

• Checkpoint load failure: verify that the checkpoint is DINOv3 and that its backbone matches the configured teacher and student types.
• No images found or archive rejected: pass an extracted image folder to dataset.*.images_dir, not an archive file.
• Out of memory: reduce batch size or image resolution, or use a sharded distributed strategy.
• Custom-attention failure: set train.use_custom_attention: false.
• Deterministic-backward failure: xformers memory-efficient attention does not provide a deterministic backward kernel; use train.cudnn.deterministic: false.
• Grid-size error: choose crop and export dimensions divisible by the patch size.
• Unexpected inference keys: use a stripped teacher_epoch_*_step_*.pth checkpoint.
• Full-checkpoint export: a selected model_epoch_*_step_*.pth is supported; export selects and logs its EMA teacher.backbone.
• Resume mismatch: the SSL dataloader is not step-resumable, so resume from an epoch/checkpoint boundary when reproducibility matters.