Mask2Former

Standalone install? If this session was not initialized by the TAO skill bank plugin, run the tao-setup skill first (host preflight, credentials, cross-skill discovery).

Mask2Former for universal image segmentation (panoptic, instance, and semantic). Transformer-based with masked attention for high-quality segmentation results.

Set model.backbone.pretrained_weights for Swin backbone weights.

For TAO Deploy TensorRT actions (gen_trt_engine, TensorRT evaluate, and TensorRT inference), read references/tao-deploy-mask2former.md first. Deploy spec templates live in this skill's references/ folder with the spec_template_deploy_*.yaml prefix.

Dataclass Schemas

Generated TAO Core schemas are packaged in schemas/<action>.schema.json, with schemas/manifest.json listing available actions. Each generated schema also emits references/spec_template_<action>.yaml from the schema top-level default field. AutoML enablement is declared at the model layer in references/skill_info.yaml via automl_enabled. Runnable AutoML for an action requires schemas/<action>.schema.json and references/spec_template_<action>.yaml to exist and parse. Use the packaged selected-action schema for automl_default_parameters, automl_disabled_parameters, defaults, min/max bounds, enums, option weights, math conditions, dependencies, and popular parameters. Do not expect ~/tao-core at runtime; maintainers regenerate schemas/templates before packaging the skill bank.

Train Action Policy

This model is AutoML-enabled at the model layer. Before handling any train-stage request, read references/skill_info.yaml and resolve the run override from either an explicit automl_policy value or the user's workflow request. Use automl_policy: on by default and only expose on / off in new launch prompts. Treat phrases like "turn off AutoML", "disable AutoML", "no HPO", or "plain training" as automl_policy: off for this run only. When automl_policy: on, automl_enabled: true, and both schemas/train.schema.json and references/spec_template_train.yaml are packaged, route the train action through tao-skill-bank:tao-run-automl by default with this model's skill_dir. Preserve workflow/application overrides for datasets, specs, output directories, GPU/platform settings, parent checkpoints, and automl_policy. Use direct model training only when automl_policy: off or the packaged train schema/template is missing; in the missing-schema case, report that AutoML is enabled but not runnable for this model until schemas are generated.

Non-train actions such as evaluate, inference, export, and deploy flows stay in this model skill. The per-run automl_policy override does not change model metadata.

Training Requirements

• Dataset type: segmentation
• Formats: coco_panoptic, coco
• Monitoring metric: mIoU
• AutoML metric: Maximize emitted validation/evaluation mIoU; never substitute training loss.

Per-Action Dataset Requirements

Action	Spec Key	Source	Files	List?
evaluate	dataset.train.type	train_datasets	coco_panoptic	No
evaluate	dataset.val.type	eval_dataset	coco_panoptic	No
evaluate	dataset.test.type	eval_dataset	coco_panoptic	No
evaluate	dataset.train.img_dir	train_datasets	images.tar.gz	No
evaluate	dataset.label_map	train_datasets	coco_panoptic: label_map_panoptic.json; *: label_map.json	No
evaluate	dataset.train.instance_json	train_datasets	annotations.json	No
evaluate	dataset.train.panoptic_json	train_datasets	annotations_panoptic.json	No
evaluate	dataset.train.panoptic_dir	train_datasets	images_panoptic.tar.gz	No
evaluate	dataset.val.img_dir	eval_dataset	images.tar.gz	No
evaluate	dataset.val.instance_json	eval_dataset	annotations.json	No
evaluate	dataset.val.panoptic_json	eval_dataset	annotations_panoptic.json	No
evaluate	dataset.val.panoptic_dir	eval_dataset	images_panoptic.tar.gz	No
evaluate	dataset.test.img_dir	eval_dataset	images.tar.gz	No
inference	dataset.train.type	train_datasets	coco_panoptic	No
inference	dataset.val.type	eval_dataset	coco_panoptic	No
inference	dataset.test.type	eval_dataset	coco_panoptic	No
inference	dataset.train.img_dir	train_datasets	images.tar.gz	No
inference	dataset.label_map	train_datasets	coco_panoptic: label_map_panoptic.json; *: label_map.json	No
inference	dataset.train.instance_json	train_datasets	annotations.json	No
inference	dataset.train.panoptic_json	train_datasets	annotations_panoptic.json	No
inference	dataset.train.panoptic_dir	train_datasets	images_panoptic.tar.gz	No
inference	dataset.val.img_dir	eval_dataset	images.tar.gz	No
inference	dataset.val.instance_json	eval_dataset	annotations.json	No
inference	dataset.val.panoptic_json	eval_dataset	annotations_panoptic.json	No
inference	dataset.val.panoptic_dir	eval_dataset	images_panoptic.tar.gz	No
inference	dataset.test.img_dir	eval_dataset	images.tar.gz	No
quantize	dataset.train.type	train_datasets	coco_panoptic	No
quantize	dataset.val.type	eval_dataset	coco_panoptic	No
quantize	dataset.test.type	eval_dataset	coco_panoptic	No
quantize	dataset.train.img_dir	train_datasets	images.tar.gz	No
quantize	dataset.label_map	train_datasets	coco_panoptic: label_map_panoptic.json; *: label_map.json	No
quantize	dataset.train.instance_json	train_datasets	annotations.json	No
quantize	dataset.train.panoptic_json	train_datasets	annotations_panoptic.json	No
quantize	dataset.train.panoptic_dir	train_datasets	images_panoptic.tar.gz	No
quantize	dataset.val.img_dir	eval_dataset	images.tar.gz	No
quantize	dataset.val.instance_json	eval_dataset	annotations.json	No
quantize	dataset.val.panoptic_json	eval_dataset	annotations_panoptic.json	No
quantize	dataset.val.panoptic_dir	eval_dataset	images_panoptic.tar.gz	No
quantize	dataset.test.img_dir	eval_dataset	images.tar.gz	No
quantize	dataset.quant_calibration_dataset.images_dir	train_datasets	images.tar.gz	No
train	dataset.train.type	train_datasets	coco_panoptic	No
train	dataset.val.type	eval_dataset	coco_panoptic	No
train	dataset.test.type	eval_dataset	coco_panoptic	No
train	dataset.train.img_dir	train_datasets	images.tar.gz	No
train	dataset.label_map	train_datasets	coco_panoptic: label_map_panoptic.json; *: label_map.json	No
train	dataset.train.instance_json	train_datasets	annotations.json	No
train	dataset.train.panoptic_json	train_datasets	annotations_panoptic.json	No
train	dataset.train.panoptic_dir	train_datasets	images_panoptic.tar.gz	No
train	dataset.val.img_dir	eval_dataset	images.tar.gz	No
train	dataset.val.instance_json	eval_dataset	annotations.json	No
train	dataset.val.panoptic_json	eval_dataset	annotations_panoptic.json	No
train	dataset.val.panoptic_dir	eval_dataset	images_panoptic.tar.gz	No
train	dataset.test.img_dir	eval_dataset	images.tar.gz	No

Typical Spec Overrides

Data source overrides are mandatory for every action — the agent MUST construct data source paths from the Per-Action Dataset Requirements table above and include them in spec_overrides.

S3_TRAIN = "s3://bucket/data/train"
S3_EVAL = "s3://bucket/data/eval"

train (mandatory data sources):

{
    "train.num_gpus": 1,
    "train.num_epochs": 10,
    "train.checkpoint_interval": 10,
    "train.validation_interval": 10,
    "model.sem_seg_head.num_classes": 133,
    "dataset.contiguous_id": True,
    "dataset.train.type": "coco_panoptic",
    "dataset.val.type": "coco_panoptic",
    "dataset.test.type": "coco_panoptic",
    "dataset.train.img_dir": f"{S3_TRAIN}/images.tar.gz",
    "dataset.label_map": f"{S3_TRAIN}/label_map_panoptic.json",
    "dataset.train.instance_json": f"{S3_TRAIN}/annotations.json",
    "dataset.train.panoptic_json": f"{S3_TRAIN}/annotations_panoptic.json",
    "dataset.train.panoptic_dir": f"{S3_TRAIN}/images_panoptic.tar.gz",
    "dataset.val.img_dir": f"{S3_EVAL}/images.tar.gz",
    "dataset.val.instance_json": f"{S3_EVAL}/annotations.json",
    "dataset.val.panoptic_json": f"{S3_EVAL}/annotations_panoptic.json",
    "dataset.val.panoptic_dir": f"{S3_EVAL}/images_panoptic.tar.gz",
    "dataset.test.img_dir": f"{S3_EVAL}/images.tar.gz",
}

evaluate (mandatory data sources):

{
    "evaluate.checkpoint": "<selected train/AutoML checkpoint>",
    "model.sem_seg_head.num_classes": 133,
    "dataset.contiguous_id": True,
    "dataset.train.type": "coco_panoptic",
    "dataset.val.type": "coco_panoptic",
    "dataset.test.type": "coco_panoptic",
    "dataset.train.img_dir": f"{S3_TRAIN}/images.tar.gz",
    "dataset.label_map": f"{S3_TRAIN}/label_map_panoptic.json",
    "dataset.train.instance_json": f"{S3_TRAIN}/annotations.json",
    "dataset.train.panoptic_json": f"{S3_TRAIN}/annotations_panoptic.json",
    "dataset.train.panoptic_dir": f"{S3_TRAIN}/images_panoptic.tar.gz",
    "dataset.val.img_dir": f"{S3_EVAL}/images.tar.gz",
    "dataset.val.instance_json": f"{S3_EVAL}/annotations.json",
    "dataset.val.panoptic_json": f"{S3_EVAL}/annotations_panoptic.json",
    "dataset.val.panoptic_dir": f"{S3_EVAL}/images_panoptic.tar.gz",
    "dataset.test.img_dir": f"{S3_EVAL}/images.tar.gz",
}

export:

{
    "export.checkpoint": "<selected train/AutoML checkpoint>",
    "export.onnx_file": "<output ONNX path>",
    "model.sem_seg_head.num_classes": "<same value used for train>",
}

inference (mandatory data sources):

{
    "inference.checkpoint": "<selected train/AutoML checkpoint>",
    "model.sem_seg_head.num_classes": "<same value used for train>",
    "dataset.contiguous_id": True,
    "dataset.train.img_dir": f"{S3_TRAIN}/images.tar.gz",
    "dataset.label_map": f"{S3_TRAIN}/label_map_panoptic.json",
    "dataset.train.instance_json": f"{S3_TRAIN}/annotations.json",
    "dataset.train.panoptic_json": f"{S3_TRAIN}/annotations_panoptic.json",
    "dataset.train.panoptic_dir": f"{S3_TRAIN}/images_panoptic.tar.gz",
    "dataset.val.img_dir": f"{S3_EVAL}/images.tar.gz",
    "dataset.val.instance_json": f"{S3_EVAL}/annotations.json",
    "dataset.val.panoptic_json": f"{S3_EVAL}/annotations_panoptic.json",
    "dataset.val.panoptic_dir": f"{S3_EVAL}/images_panoptic.tar.gz",
    "dataset.test.img_dir": f"{S3_EVAL}/images.tar.gz",
}

quantize (mandatory data sources):

{
    "quantize.model_path": "<selected train/export artifact>",
    "dataset.train.img_dir": f"{S3_TRAIN}/images.tar.gz",
    "dataset.label_map": f"{S3_TRAIN}/label_map_panoptic.json",
    "dataset.train.instance_json": f"{S3_TRAIN}/annotations.json",
    "dataset.train.panoptic_json": f"{S3_TRAIN}/annotations_panoptic.json",
    "dataset.train.panoptic_dir": f"{S3_TRAIN}/images_panoptic.tar.gz",
    "dataset.val.img_dir": f"{S3_EVAL}/images.tar.gz",
    "dataset.val.instance_json": f"{S3_EVAL}/annotations.json",
    "dataset.val.panoptic_json": f"{S3_EVAL}/annotations_panoptic.json",
    "dataset.val.panoptic_dir": f"{S3_EVAL}/images_panoptic.tar.gz",
    "dataset.test.img_dir": f"{S3_EVAL}/images.tar.gz",
    "dataset.quant_calibration_dataset.images_dir": f"{S3_TRAIN}/images.tar.gz",
}

Eval Dataset

Optional. Val data sources are part of the dataset config alongside train.

Important Parameters

• model.sem_seg_head.num_classes: Number of segmentation classes. Default 200. Must match your annotation categories.
• model.backbone.swin.type: Swin Transformer variant. Default tiny. Options include tiny, small, base, large.
• model.mode: Segmentation mode. Default panoptic. Options: panoptic, instance, semantic.
• train.optim.lr: Learning rate. Default 2e-4 (AdamW).
• dataset.train.batch_size: Per-GPU batch size. Default 1. Mask2Former is memory-intensive due to per-pixel predictions.
• dataset.contiguous_id: If true, set model.sem_seg_head.num_classes to the number of label-map categories. If false, set model.sem_seg_head.num_classes above the maximum raw category id and keep the same setting for evaluate, inference, export, deploy, and quantize. The COCO panoptic S3 sample has 133 categories with raw ids up to 200, so raw-id validation uses num_classes: 201.

Multi-GPU / Multi-Node

Launch method: Lightning-managed (single python process, Lightning spawns workers).

Spec Key	Description	Default
train.num_gpus	Number of GPUs	1
train.gpu_ids	GPU device indices	[0]
train.num_nodes	Number of nodes	1
train.distributed_strategy	ddp or fsdp	ddp

• Same DDP/FSDP behavior as DINO (activation checkpoint aware)
• FAN backbones auto-enable sync_batchnorm
• fsdp forces FP16

Multi-node env vars (set by orchestrator): WORLD_SIZE, NODE_RANK, MASTER_ADDR, MASTER_PORT, NUM_GPU_PER_NODE.

Export / TRT Defaults

• TRT data types: FP32, FP16 only — INT8 is NOT supported
• The parent PyTorch mask2former CLI supports train, evaluate, inference, export, and quantize; run TensorRT engine generation, TensorRT inference, and TensorRT evaluation through references/tao-deploy-mask2former.md. Export semantic ONNX (model.mode: semantic) when validating TensorRT evaluation because the current deploy evaluator accepts semantic engines.
• Keep export input dimensions compatible with the deploy templates. The packaged default export.input_width: 960 and export.input_height: 544 exports and builds a TensorRT engine successfully; shrinking export to tiny validation-only sizes such as 128x128 can hit a PyTorch ONNX minus_one_pos != -1 shape-inference assertion before ONNX is produced.

Hardware

Minimum 1 GPU(s), recommended 4 GPU(s). 24GB+ (A100 recommended) VRAM per GPU. Mask2Former is memory-heavy. batch_size=1 is the default for good reason. Multi-GPU recommended for reasonable training speed.

Error Patterns

CUDA out of memory: batch_size is already 1 by default. Reduce image resolution in augmentation config or use a smaller Swin variant.

Panoptic vs instance format mismatch: Ensure you provide the correct annotation format matching model.mode setting.

Deploy schema error for top-level dataset.type: TAO Deploy uses dataset.val.type and dataset.test.type. Do not put dataset.type at the top level of Mask2Former deploy specs.

Export ONNX shape assertion at very small resolution: If export fails with minus_one_pos != -1 from PyTorch ONNX shape inference, restore the template export dimensions (960x544) before retrying deploy validation. Keep training and evaluation image sizes small when needed for quick smoke tests, but do not carry those tiny dimensions into export unless the target shape has been verified.

Quantize checkpoint load error: Older PyTorch images can fail checkpoint-based mask2former quantize because the runtime quantize script passes experiment_spec to Mask2formerPlModule.load_from_checkpoint instead of the required cfg argument. Images with the quantize fix support the default torchao checkpoint flow. ONNX quantization still requires backend: modelopt.onnx, mode: static_ptq, a fixed dataset.test.target_size, and an image that includes modelopt.onnx.quantization.

Spec Param / Parent Model Inference

Model-specific inference mappings belong in this MD file, not in config.json. Generated runners should read this section and apply the mappings with SDK helpers before create_job(). This mirrors the old microservices infer_params.py flow.

Inference mappings from TAO Core mask2former.config.json:

Action	Spec Field	Inference Function	Meaning
evaluate	encryption_key	key	encryption key
evaluate	evaluate.checkpoint	parent_model	model file inferred from the parent job results folder
evaluate	evaluate.trt_engine	parent_model	model file inferred from the parent job results folder
evaluate	results_dir	output_dir	current job results directory
export	encryption_key	key	encryption key
export	export.checkpoint	parent_model	model file inferred from the parent job results folder
export	export.onnx_file	create_onnx_file	output ONNX path
export	results_dir	output_dir	current job results directory
gen_trt_engine	encryption_key	key	encryption key
gen_trt_engine	gen_trt_engine.onnx_file	parent_model	model file inferred from the parent job results folder
gen_trt_engine	gen_trt_engine.trt_engine	create_engine_file	output TensorRT engine path
gen_trt_engine	results_dir	output_dir	current job results directory
inference	encryption_key	key	encryption key
inference	inference.checkpoint	parent_model	model file inferred from the parent job results folder
inference	inference.trt_engine	parent_model	model file inferred from the parent job results folder
inference	results_dir	output_dir	current job results directory
quantize	encryption_key	key	encryption key
quantize	quantize.model_path	parent_model	model file inferred from the parent job results folder
quantize	results_dir	output_dir	current job results directory
train	encryption_key	key	encryption key
train	model.backbone.pretrained_weights	{'link': 'https://github.com/SwinTransformer/storage/releases/download/v1.0.8/swin_tiny_patch4_window7_224_22k.pth', 'destination_path': '/ptm/mask2former/swin_tiny_patch4_window7_224_22k/swin_tiny_patch4_window7_224_22k.pth'}	{'link': 'https://github.com/SwinTransformer/storage/releases/download/v1.0.8/swin_tiny_patch4_window7_224_22k.pth', 'destination_path': '/ptm/mask2former/swin_tiny_patch4_window7_224_22k/swin_tiny_patch4_window7_224_22k.pth'}
train	results_dir	output_dir	current job results directory
train	train.resume_training_checkpoint_path	resume_model	model file inferred from the current job results folder

For parent_model or parent_model_folder, pass the upstream train/export/AutoML child job id as parent_job_id. The SDK lists the parent result folder, filters checkpoint artifacts, and returns the selected model file or folder. Do not add these mappings back to config.json and do not patch generated runner scripts to guess checkpoint paths.

When selecting a Mask2Former checkpoint outside the SDK resolver, match the intended epoch/step artifact exactly, for example model_epoch_000_step_00100.pth. The mask2former_model_latest.pth symlink is valid only when latest is explicitly requested.

Deployment

• tao-deploy-mask2former