Render Blueprints (render.yaml)

Blueprints define Render infrastructure as YAML (commonly render.yaml at the repo root). This skill focuses on authoring, wiring, projects/environments, previews, validation, and immutable fields. Heavy detail lives under references/.

Before creating or modifying a Blueprint, read references/blueprints.md for the current specification-fetch, validation, repository-sync, and safety workflow.

For current compute-plan terminology, Plan IDs, and availability, use references/compute-plans.md instead of relying on plan catalogs embedded in examples.

Before adding or changing a service-attached disk, read references/persistent-disks.md for current architectural constraints and configuration workflow.

Before wiring private-network addresses, ports, or discovery hostnames, read references/private-networking.md.

Before choosing a service type or translating its Dashboard name to Blueprint structure, read references/service-types.md.

When to Use

Apply this skill when the user:

• Creates or edits a render.yaml / Blueprint
• Wires databases, private services, or Key Value into app env vars
• Groups services with projects and environments
• Configures preview environments for pull requests
• Validates YAML against Render’s schema or CLI
• Asks what can or cannot change after a resource is created

For end-to-end deploy flows and MCP/CLI operations, see render-deploy. For env var strategy outside Blueprint syntax, see render-env-vars. For Docker-specific Blueprint fields, see render-docker.

Blueprint Structure

Top-level keys

Key	Purpose
services	Web, worker, cron, private service, Key Value, static (via web + runtime: static)
databases	Managed PostgreSQL instances
envVarGroups	Reusable env var sets attached to services
projects	Optional grouping; contains environments and service lists
previews	Defaults for PR preview environments

A Blueprint may also use patterns like ungrouped resources vs environment-scoped lists, depending on whether you adopt the projects model. See references/common-mistakes.md for duplication and naming pitfalls.

Minimal example: web + PostgreSQL

databases:
  - name: mydb
    plan: basic-256mb
    region: oregon

services:
  - type: web
    name: api
    runtime: node
    region: oregon
    plan: starter
    buildCommand: npm ci && npm run build
    startCommand: npm start
    envVars:
      - key: DATABASE_URL
        fromDatabase:
          name: mydb
          property: connectionString

Service Types

type	Role
web	Public HTTP service (use runtime: static for static sites)
pserv	Private service (internal HTTP/TCP; not public)
worker	Long-running background process
cron	Scheduled job (schedule required)
keyvalue	Managed Key Value (Redis-compatible); alias redis accepted in Blueprints

Runtimes

Common runtime values: node, python, go, ruby, rust, elixir, docker, image, static.

• docker: Build from Dockerfile (see dockerfilePath, dockerContext, dockerCommand).
• image: Run a prebuilt container image with image.url and optional image.creds.fromRegistryCreds.
• static: Static site; requires staticPublishPath and build output paths (see references).

Cross-Service Wiring

Before configuring variables, secrets, secret files, or environment groups, read references/environment-variables.md.

Service env vars under envVars can pull values from other resources instead of hardcoding secrets. Environment-group variables cannot reference services, databases, or other environment groups.

fromDatabase

Reference a database in databases: by name. Properties include:

• connectionString, connectionPoolString, host, port, user, password, database

fromService

Reference a service by name. Typical properties:

• host, port, hostport, connectionString, envVarKey

Which properties are valid depends on target service type (e.g. Key Value vs pserv). See references/wiring-patterns.md.

fromGroup

Attach shared vars from envVarGroups (by group name).

Full patterns and combinations: references/wiring-patterns.md.

Projects and Environments

For multi-service apps, use the projects/environments pattern instead of flat top-level services/databases. This groups all related resources into a single Render project, supports multiple environments (production, staging), and enables environment-scoped configuration.

projects:
  - name: my-app
    environments:
      - name: production
        services:
          - type: web
            name: api
            runtime: node
            plan: standard
            buildCommand: npm ci && npm run build
            startCommand: npm start
            envVars:
              - key: DATABASE_URL
                fromDatabase:
                  name: db
                  property: connectionString
              - key: REDIS_URL
                fromService:
                  type: keyvalue
                  name: cache
                  property: connectionString
              - key: API_SECRET
                sync: false

          - type: worker
            name: jobs
            runtime: node
            plan: starter
            buildCommand: npm ci
            startCommand: node worker.js
            envVars:
              - key: DATABASE_URL
                fromDatabase:
                  name: db
                  property: connectionString
              - key: REDIS_URL
                fromService:
                  type: keyvalue
                  name: cache
                  property: connectionString

          - type: keyvalue
            name: cache
            plan: starter
            maxmemoryPolicy: noeviction
            ipAllowList: [] # Internal access only

        databases:
          - name: db
            plan: basic-256mb

Key rules:

• Each environment owns its services and databases lists.
• Do not define the same resource at both the root level and inside an environment.
• envVarGroups can be scoped to a project environment or shared across the workspace.
• With a Pro workspace or higher, environment isolation can block cross-environment private network traffic.

For single-service apps, flat top-level services/databases is fine. Reach for the projects pattern when you have multiple services, need staging/production separation, or want environment-scoped env groups.

Preview Environments

When a preview request is underspecified, first establish the desired generation mode, retention period, preview compute plans, and whether the user expects to exclude any resources.

Top-level previews controls Blueprint preview environments:

• previews.generation: off (default), manual, or automatic
• previews.expireAfterDays: Auto-delete preview stacks after N days

Do not confuse preview environments with service previews:

• A top-level previews.generation: automatic creates the Blueprint's preview environment, including the resources declared by that Blueprint.
• A service-level previews.generation controls that service's independent service previews. It does not override the Blueprint preview environment or exclude that service from it. It accepts only manual or automatic; omit it to disable independent service previews.
• Use previews.plan and previews.numInstances on compute services to size their preview-environment instances. Key Value and Postgres use previewPlan instead.

If a user needs a worker or another resource omitted entirely from Blueprint preview environments, explain that service-level preview generation is not an exclusion mechanism; the Blueprint or application architecture must account for that requirement. Other limitations include autoscaling behavior, sync: false variables, and database plan compatibility—see references/preview-environments.md.

Immutable Fields

CRITICAL: Some fields cannot change after the resource is created. Edits may be rejected or require replacement resources.

Services

• type: Cannot change (e.g. web → worker).
• runtime: Cannot change (e.g. node → docker).

Databases

Cannot change after creation:

• name (logical Blueprint/database identifier in this context)
• databaseName
• user
• region
• postgresMajorVersion

Plan other fields (disk, HA, replicas) carefully up front; consult Render docs for fields that can scale vs require recreation.

Key Fields (Quick Map)

Area	Fields
Plans	plan; compute-service previews.plan; Key Value/Postgres previewPlan
Build/run	buildCommand, startCommand, preDeployCommand, rootDir
Deploy	autoDeployTrigger: commit, checksPass, or off
Lifecycle	maxShutdownDelaySeconds: 1–300, default 30
HTTP	healthCheckPath, domains
Storage	disk (name, mountPath, sizeGB)
Scale	scaling / numInstances (see references)
Monorepo	buildFilter (paths, ignoredPaths)
Docker	dockerfilePath, dockerContext, dockerCommand, registryCredential; prebuilt image.url / image.creds

Deprecated names to avoid: env (use runtime), redis (use keyvalue), autoDeploy (use autoDeployTrigger), previewsEnabled, and pullRequestPreviewsEnabled. Use the appropriate top-level or service-level previews.generation replacement described in references/common-mistakes.md.

References

Document	Contents
references/blueprints.md	Current Blueprint specification, schema, validation, repository-sync, and safety workflow
references/compute-plans.md	Current compute-plan terminology, Plan ID discovery, availability, and change behavior
references/environment-variables.md	Current environment-variable documentation, secrets, groups, platform variables, and mutation safety
references/persistent-disks.md	Service-attached disk constraints, current documentation, sizing, snapshots, and Blueprint workflow
references/private-networking.md	Private-network scope, addresses, Blueprint references, discovery, ports, and isolation
references/service-types.md	Service-type selection, execution models, and Blueprint naming
references/field-reference.md	YAML fields by service type, database, groups, projects, previews, scaling, disk, static, Key Value
references/wiring-patterns.md	fromDatabase / fromService / fromGroup examples and combined wiring patterns
references/common-mistakes.md	Branch + previews, buildFilter, replicas, duplicates, preview plans, wiring mistakes
references/preview-environments.md	previews.generation, expiry, previews.plan, previewPlan, disks, PR workflow

Related Skills

• render-deploy — Deploy flows, Blueprint vs direct create, MCP/deeplinks
• render-env-vars — Env var strategy, secrets, Dashboard vs Blueprint
• render-docker — Dockerfile-backed services and image runtime nuances

Current documentation retrieval

Whenever this skill directs you to consult current Render documentation:

1. Retrieve the linked Markdown document directly with an available URL-fetching tool or HTTP client, such as curl. Do not substitute web-search summaries for the document.
2. Confirm that retrieval succeeded and returned the expected document, then read its contents. Saving a file or printing its path is not sufficient.
3. If the request fails or your tool cannot read the Markdown response, open and read the linked HTML version instead.
4. If neither version can be retrieved, disclose that the current reference is unavailable and follow any topic-specific fallback in the skill. Use bundled guidance only for stable constraints, and do not guess at changeable platform details.

When a task requires multiple references, apply this workflow to each one and distinguish the documents you verified from those that remain unavailable.