Cloudflare Turnstile

Status: Production Ready ✅ | Last Verified: 2025-11-26

Dependencies: None (optional: @marsidev/react-turnstile for React)

Contents: Quick Start • Critical Rules • Top 12 Errors • Common Patterns • When to Load References • Troubleshooting

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Quick Start (10 Minutes)

1. Create Turnstile Widget

Get your sitekey and secret key from Cloudflare Dashboard.

# Navigate to: https://dash.cloudflare.com/?to=/:account/turnstile
# Create new widget → Copy sitekey (public) and secret key (private)

Why this matters:

• Each widget has unique sitekey/secret pair
• Sitekey goes in frontend (public)
• Secret key ONLY in backend (private)
• Use different widgets for dev/staging/production

2. Add Widget to Frontend

Embed the Turnstile widget in your HTML form.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <script src="https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/api.js" async defer></script>
</head>
<body>
  <form id="myForm" action="/submit" method="POST">
    <input type="email" name="email" required>
    <!-- Turnstile widget renders here -->
    <div class="cf-turnstile" data-sitekey="YOUR_SITE_KEY"></div>
    <button type="submit">Submit</button>
  </form>
</body>
</html>

CRITICAL:

• Never proxy or cache api.js - must load from Cloudflare CDN
• Widget auto-creates hidden input cf-turnstile-response with token
• Token expires in 5 minutes
• Each token is single-use only

3. Validate Token on Server

ALWAYS validate the token server-side. Client-side verification alone is not secure.

// Cloudflare Workers example
export default {
  async fetch(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response> {
    const formData = await request.formData()
    const token = formData.get('cf-turnstile-response')
    const ip = request.headers.get('CF-Connecting-IP')

    // Validate token with Siteverify API
    const verifyFormData = new FormData()
    verifyFormData.append('secret', env.TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY)
    verifyFormData.append('response', token)
    verifyFormData.append('remoteip', ip)

    const result = await fetch(
      'https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/siteverify',
      {
        method: 'POST',
        body: verifyFormData,
      }
    )

    const outcome = await result.json()

    if (!outcome.success) {
      return new Response('Invalid Turnstile token', { status: 401 })
    }

    // Token valid - proceed with form processing
    return new Response('Success!')
  }
}

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The 3-Step Setup Process

Step 1: Create Widget Configuration

1. Log into Cloudflare Dashboard
2. Navigate to Turnstile section
3. Click "Add Site"
4. Configure:
   • Widget Mode: Managed (recommended), Non-Interactive, or Invisible
   • Domains: Add allowed hostnames (e.g., example.com, localhost for dev)
   • Name: Descriptive name (e.g., "Production Login Form")

Key Points:

• Use separate widgets for dev/staging/production
• Restrict domains to only those you control
• Managed mode provides best balance of security and UX
• localhost must be explicitly added for local testing

Step 2: Client-Side Integration

Choose between implicit or explicit rendering:

Implicit Rendering (Recommended for static forms):

<!-- 1. Load script -->
<script src="https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/api.js" async defer></script>

<!-- 2. Add widget -->
<div class="cf-turnstile"
     data-sitekey="YOUR_SITE_KEY"
     data-callback="onSuccess"
     data-error-callback="onError"></div>

<script>
function onSuccess(token) {
  console.log('Turnstile success:', token)
}

function onError(error) {
  console.error('Turnstile error:', error)
}
</script>

Explicit Rendering (For SPAs/dynamic UIs):

// 1. Load script with explicit mode
<script src="https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/api.js?render=explicit" defer></script>

// 2. Render programmatically
const widgetId = turnstile.render('#container', {
  sitekey: 'YOUR_SITE_KEY',
  callback: (token) => {
    console.log('Token:', token)
  },
  'error-callback': (error) => {
    console.error('Error:', error)
  },
  theme: 'auto',
  execution: 'render', // or 'execute' for manual trigger
})

// Control lifecycle
turnstile.reset(widgetId)        // Reset widget
turnstile.remove(widgetId)       // Remove widget
turnstile.execute(widgetId)      // Manually trigger challenge
const token = turnstile.getResponse(widgetId) // Get current token

React Integration (using @marsidev/react-turnstile):

import { Turnstile } from '@marsidev/react-turnstile'

export function MyForm() {
  const [token, setToken] = useState<string>()

  return (
    <form>
      <Turnstile
        siteKey={TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY}
        onSuccess={setToken}
        onError={(error) => console.error(error)}
      />
      <button disabled={!token}>Submit</button>
    </form>
  )
}

Step 3: Server-Side Validation

MANDATORY: Always call Siteverify API to validate tokens.

interface TurnstileResponse {
  success: boolean
  challenge_ts?: string
  hostname?: string
  error-codes?: string[]
  action?: string
  cdata?: string
}

async function validateTurnstile(
  token: string,
  secretKey: string,
  options?: {
    remoteip?: string
    idempotency_key?: string
    expectedAction?: string
    expectedHostname?: string
  }
): Promise<TurnstileResponse> {
  const formData = new FormData()
  formData.append('secret', secretKey)
  formData.append('response', token)

  if (options?.remoteip) {
    formData.append('remoteip', options.remoteip)
  }

  if (options?.idempotency_key) {
    formData.append('idempotency_key', options.idempotency_key)
  }

  const response = await fetch(
    'https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/siteverify',
    {
      method: 'POST',
      body: formData,
    }
  )

  const result = await response.json<TurnstileResponse>()

  // Additional validation
  if (result.success) {
    if (options?.expectedAction && result.action !== options.expectedAction) {
      return { success: false, 'error-codes': ['action-mismatch'] }
    }

    if (options?.expectedHostname && result.hostname !== options.expectedHostname) {
      return { success: false, 'error-codes': ['hostname-mismatch'] }
    }
  }

  return result
}

// Usage in Cloudflare Worker
const result = await validateTurnstile(
  token,
  env.TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY,
  {
    remoteip: request.headers.get('CF-Connecting-IP'),
    expectedHostname: 'example.com',
  }
)

if (!result.success) {
  return new Response('Turnstile validation failed', { status: 401 })
}

---

Critical Rules

Always Do

✅ Call Siteverify API - Server-side validation is mandatory ✅ Use HTTPS - Never validate over HTTP ✅ Protect secret keys - Never expose in frontend code ✅ Handle token expiration - Tokens expire after 5 minutes ✅ Implement error callbacks - Handle failures gracefully ✅ Use dummy keys for testing - Test sitekey: 1x00000000000000000000AA ✅ Set reasonable timeouts - Don't wait indefinitely for validation ✅ Validate action/hostname - Check additional fields when specified ✅ Rotate keys periodically - Use dashboard or API to rotate secrets ✅ Monitor analytics - Track solve rates and failures ✅ Validate token AFTER form submission - Verify tokens after user completes form, not before. Premature validation creates security vulnerabilities where attackers obtain valid tokens then bypass protection

Never Do

❌ Skip server validation - Client-side only = security vulnerability ❌ Proxy api.js script - Must load from Cloudflare CDN ❌ Reuse tokens - Each token is single-use only ❌ Use GET requests - Siteverify only accepts POST ❌ Expose secret key - Keep secrets in backend environment only ❌ Trust client-side validation - Tokens can be forged ❌ Cache api.js - Future updates will break your integration ❌ Use production keys in tests - Use dummy keys instead ❌ Ignore error callbacks - Always handle failures

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Known Issues Prevention

This skill prevents 12 documented issues:

Issue #1: Missing Server-Side Validation

Error: Zero token validation in Turnstile Analytics dashboard Source: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/get-started/ Why It Happens: Developers only implement client-side widget, skip Siteverify call Prevention: All templates include mandatory server-side validation with Siteverify API

Issue #2: Token Expiration (5 Minutes)

Error: success: false for valid tokens submitted after delay Source: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/get-started/server-side-validation Why It Happens: Tokens expire 300 seconds after generation Prevention: Templates document TTL and implement token refresh on expiration

Issue #3: Secret Key Exposed in Frontend

Error: Security bypass - attackers can validate their own tokens Source: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/get-started/server-side-validation Why It Happens: Secret key hardcoded in JavaScript or visible in source Prevention: All templates show backend-only validation with environment variables

Issue #4: GET Request to Siteverify

Error: API returns 405 Method Not Allowed Source: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/migration/recaptcha Why It Happens: reCAPTCHA supports GET, Turnstile requires POST Prevention: Templates use POST with FormData or JSON body

Issue #5: Content Security Policy Blocking

Error: Error 200500 - "Loading error: The iframe could not be loaded" Source: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/troubleshooting/client-side-errors/error-codes Why It Happens: CSP blocks challenges.cloudflare.com iframe Prevention: Skill includes CSP configuration reference and check-csp.sh script

Issue #6: Widget Crash (Error 300030)

Error: Generic client execution error for legitimate users Source: https://community.cloudflare.com/t/turnstile-is-frequently-generating-300x-errors/700903 Why It Happens: Unknown - appears to be Cloudflare-side issue (2025) Prevention: Templates implement error callbacks, retry logic, and fallback handling

Issue #7: Configuration Error (Error 600010)

Error: Widget fails with "configuration error" Source: https://community.cloudflare.com/t/repeated-cloudflare-turnstile-error-600010/644578 Why It Happens: Missing or deleted hostname in widget configuration Prevention: Templates document hostname allowlist requirement and verification steps

Issue #8: Safari 18 / macOS 15 "Hide IP" Issue

Error: Error 300010 when Safari's "Hide IP address" is enabled Source: https://community.cloudflare.com/t/turnstile-is-frequently-generating-300x-errors/700903 Why It Happens: Privacy settings interfere with challenge signals Prevention: Error handling reference documents Safari workaround (disable Hide IP)

Issue #9: Brave Browser Confetti Animation Failure

Error: Verification fails during success animation Source: https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/issues/45608 (April 2025) Why It Happens: Brave shields block animation scripts Prevention: Templates handle success before animation completes

Issue #10: Next.js + Jest Incompatibility

Error: @marsidev/react-turnstile breaks Jest tests Source: https://github.com/marsidev/react-turnstile/issues/112 (Oct 2025) Why It Happens: Module resolution issues with Jest Prevention: Testing guide includes Jest mocking patterns and dummy sitekey usage

Issue #11: localhost Not in Allowlist

Error: Error 110200 - "Unknown domain: Domain not allowed" Source: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/troubleshooting/client-side-errors/error-codes Why It Happens: Production widget used in development without localhost in allowlist Prevention: Templates use dummy test keys for dev, document localhost allowlist requirement

Issue #12: Token Reuse Attempt

Error: success: false with "token already spent" error Source: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/troubleshooting/testing Why It Happens: Each token can only be validated once Prevention: Templates document single-use constraint and token refresh patterns

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Configuration

Wrangler (Workers): Load templates/wrangler-turnstile-config.jsonc for complete configuration. Key settings: vars for public sitekey (safe to commit), secrets for private secret key (use wrangler secret put TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY).

CSP Directives (if using Content Security Policy):

<meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="
  script-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com;
  frame-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com;
  connect-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com;">

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Common Patterns

Hono + Cloudflare Workers: Server-side validation in Workers API routes with Hono framework. Load references/common-patterns.md #pattern-1 when building Workers endpoints requiring bot protection.

React + Next.js: Client-side forms with @marsidev/react-turnstile integration. Load references/common-patterns.md #pattern-2 when integrating Turnstile with React/Next.js applications.

E2E Testing: Automated testing with dummy keys (Playwright, Cypress, Jest). Load references/common-patterns.md #pattern-3 when writing E2E tests or setting up CI/CD pipelines.

Widget Lifecycle: Programmatic widget control for SPAs (render, reset, remove, getToken). Load references/common-patterns.md #pattern-4 when building SPAs requiring explicit widget management.

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When to Load References

references/widget-configs.md: Configuring widget appearance, themes, execution modes, size, language, or retry behavior.

references/error-codes.md: Debugging error codes 100*, 200*, 300*, 400*, 600* or troubleshooting client-side failures (CSP, domain errors, widget crashes).

references/testing-guide.md: Setting up E2E tests (Playwright, Cypress), local development with dummy keys, or CI/CD pipeline integration.

references/react-integration.md: Integrating with React, Next.js, or troubleshooting @marsidev/react-turnstile issues (Jest mocking, SSR, hooks).

references/common-patterns.md: Building Hono Workers routes, React forms, E2E tests, or widget lifecycle management (explicit rendering).

references/advanced-topics.md: Implementing pre-clearance for SPAs, custom actions/cdata, retry strategies, or multi-widget pages.

references/setup-checklist.md: Preparing for deployment, verifying complete setup, or ensuring production readiness (14-point checklist).

references/migration-guide.md: Migrating from reCAPTCHA (v2) or hCaptcha to Turnstile, including compat mode, API differences, and POST-only Siteverify requirement.

references/browser-support.md: Browser compatibility matrix, Safari 18 "Hide IP" workaround, Brave shields issues, and browser-specific fallbacks.

references/mobile-implementation.md: WebView integration for iOS, Android, React Native, and Flutter, including User Agent consistency and storage persistence requirements.

templates/: wrangler-turnstile-config.jsonc (Workers env), turnstile-widget-implicit.html (static forms), turnstile-widget-explicit.ts (SPA rendering), turnstile-server-validation.ts (Siteverify API), turnstile-react-component.tsx (React integration), turnstile-hono-route.ts (Hono validation), turnstile-test-config.ts (testing setup)

scripts/check-csp.sh: Verify Content Security Policy allows Turnstile (usage: ./scripts/check-csp.sh https://example.com)

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Dependencies

Required: None (Turnstile loads from Cloudflare CDN)

Optional: @marsidev/react-turnstile@1.3.1 (React), turnstile-types@1.2.3 (TypeScript), vue-turnstile (Vue 3), ngx-turnstile (Angular), svelte-turnstile (Svelte), @nuxtjs/turnstile (Nuxt)

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Official Documentation

Turnstile: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/ • Get Started: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/get-started/ • Error Codes: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/troubleshooting/client-side-errors/error-codes/ • Testing: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/troubleshooting/testing/ • Migration (reCAPTCHA): https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/migration/recaptcha/ • MCP: Use mcp__cloudflare-docs__search_cloudflare_documentation tool

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Troubleshooting

Problem: Error 110200 - "Unknown domain"

Solution: Add your domain (including localhost for dev) to widget's allowed domains in Cloudflare Dashboard. For local dev, use dummy test sitekey 1x00000000000000000000AA instead.

Problem: Error 300030 - Widget crashes for legitimate users

Solution: Implement error callback with retry logic. This is a known Cloudflare-side issue (2025). Fallback to alternative verification if retries fail.

Problem: Tokens always return success: false

Solution:

1. Check token hasn't expired (5 min TTL)
2. Verify secret key is correct
3. Ensure token hasn't been validated before (single-use)
4. Check hostname matches widget configuration

Problem: CSP blocking iframe (Error 200500)

Solution: Add CSP directives:

<meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="
  frame-src https://challenges.cloudflare.com;
  script-src https://challenges.cloudflare.com;
">

Problem: Safari 18 "Hide IP" causing Error 300010

Solution: Document in error message that users should disable Safari's "Hide IP address" setting (Safari → Settings → Privacy → Hide IP address → Off)

Problem: Next.js + Jest tests failing with @marsidev/react-turnstile

Solution: Mock the Turnstile component in Jest setup:

// jest.setup.ts
jest.mock('@marsidev/react-turnstile', () => ({
  Turnstile: () => <div data-testid="turnstile-mock" />,
}))

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Token Efficiency: ~65-70% savings vs manual integration

Errors Prevented: 12 documented security/validation issues with complete solutions

Deployment Checklist: Load references/setup-checklist.md for complete 14-point pre-deployment verification